basque conflict results eta declares definitive cessation of its armed activity.

It was followed by his seminal 1980s articles, which focused on terrorism in the ancient world and from which many of the tropes of modern terrorism can be traced. 1 Although the article is largely forgotten today, it challenged political scientists to take the Bible seriously as a source for political action. Rapoport’s unique approach, which gave birth to wave theory, began with a course at the University of California, Los Angeles, that focused on the Hebrew Bible and resulted in an early article, “Moses, Charisma, and Covenant” (Rapoport, 1979). Remarkably, even in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the rise of al-Qaeda, and the War on Terror, many of the most influential scholars in the field continued to argue that terrorism was ineluctably political and that the leaders of religiously motivated terrorist groups were undoubtedly clever political operators who manipulated religion for political ends (Hoffman, 2018). In this, his was a voice in the wilderness.

Whereas the first generation of terrorism scholars-Walter Lacquer, Alex Schmid, Martha Crenshaw, and others-largely approached the subject as a purely political phenomenon, Rapoport argued that religion was a vital component of terrorist violence. It offered unique insights into the religious implications of terrorist campaigns. Rapoport’s approach to the study of terrorism appeared in the 1970s.

Basque conflict results eta declares definitive cessation of its armed activity.